It is known that there are different concentrations of Muslims in European countries. However, Germany has a special importance in these countries due to the numerical excess of Muslims and the existence of our compatriots due to the economic migration from Turkey to Germany that started in the 1960s. For this reason, in our article, the educational activity carried out on Islamic theology, in particular kalam, in the example of Germany will be discussed. In Germany, Islamic religious education departments were (...) opened in three different universities to train teachers to teach Islamic religion in primary, secondary and high school schools, and to provide Imam education in order to eliminate the language and adaptation problems experienced by mosque officials coming from abroad. The process that started with Osnabrück University, Westfälische Wilhelm Münster University and Friedrich-Alexander University has progressed beyond the initial aim of training Islamic religion teachers with the seven universities reached today. In addition to the influence of the German Islamic Conference on the formation of the theoretical infrastructure of this process, the impact of the 2010 recommendation of the Scientific Committee is also known. The originality, scientific impartiality and conformity of Islamic Theology in Germany are the issues that are emphasized in the discussions. As a matter of fact, for this reason, the discussion of the science of of kalām in these centers is of particular importance in the debates. Because kalām is a science that shapes the understanding of religion and offers the opportunity to develop a correct intellectual perspective on religion. It is possible to say that the content of kalām in these centers and the studies carried out will affect the understanding of Islam that will emerge in Europe, especially in Germany, in the next century. For this reason, in our article, the study areas of theology professors in seven Islamic Theology centers and theses which they supervise will be discussed, on the other hand, researches, projects and collaborations that reflect the intellectual perspective of the Islamic Theology center will be highlighted. This article aims not only to criticize the said centers in Germany, but also to determine what kind of mutual contributions they might have with the theological accumulation in Turkey. As a matter of fact, it is obvious that the courses given, the theses managed and the fields of study will shape the future of Islamic theology in Europe, as well as having an impact on Islamic theology in Turkey given that today global scientific interaction is at the highest level. It is not possible to think the issues currently studied in Islamic Theology in Germany independently of the realities and needs of the country in which they flourish. As a matter of fact, although there are historical studies on Islamic theology schools, especially Maturidism, Ash'arism and Mu'taziliism, in different universities, the existence of studies on subjects that can be called “practical theology” draws attention. In addition, due to the fact that Germany creates a multi-religious and multicultural environment, it is seen that a supra-denominational approach is adopted and thus it is aimed to ensure a pluralism that allows different views. (shrink)

The emergence of the Family Resemblance Approach to nature of science has prompted a fresh wave of scholarship embracing this new approach in science education. The FRA provides an ambitious and practical vision for what NOS-enriched science content should aim for and promotes evidence-based practices in science education to support the enactment of such vision. The present article provides an overview of research and development efforts utilizing the FRA and reviews recent empirical studies including those conducted in preservice science teacher (...) education as well as studies utilizing FRA to analyze NOS representations in curriculum documents and textbooks. The article concludes with implications and recommendations for future research and practice. (shrink)

The paper explores the impact of the corona virus disease-19 pandemic on the Saudi higher education system. The research focuses on the relationship between digital learning in COVID-19 time, life satisfaction, and stress among female students. The study discusses measures, practices, defense mechanisms, and coping strategies to face challenges. Using an online survey based on psychological effects and its role in defense mechanisms and coping strategies, findings show that digital learning provides flexibility in terms of time and offers resources at (...) a lower cost compared to traditional learning. In addition, results show that the coping strategy perception is higher in obtaining a good score and succeeding than to get over the pandemic and recovering from the illness itself. Finally, results confirm that a positive attitude influences positively life satisfaction. (shrink)

Tahâvî (v. 321/ 933), hicrî üçüncü asrın sonları ile dördüncü asrın başlarında yaşamış Hanefî fakihidir. Tahâvî’nin daha çok muhaddis olarak tanınmasına rağmen hadis ve fıkha derin vukufiyeti, her iki alana da temas eden hadis-sahâbî kavlî münasebetini onun üzerinden incelemeyi daha anlamlı kılmaktadır. Müctehid fakihlerin hüküm istinbâtında başvurduğu sahâbî kavlî, Hz. Peygamber’e dayanması bakımından semâ/tevkif ihtimali bulunan bir delildir. Bu sebeple sahâbî kavlini sünnet birlikte değerlendirmenin lüzumu ortaya çıkmaktadır. Ayrıca Tahâvî’nin sahâbî kavli ile sünnet arasında net bir ayırım yapmaması, Hanefî usûlünün (...) teşekkül süreci açısından önemlidir. Tahâvî, ictihad usûlü anlayışında sahâbî kavline deliller hiyerarşisinde Kur’an, sünnet ve icmâdan sonra yer vermektedir. Eserlerindeki tercihleri dikkate alındığında Tahâvî, sahâbî kavlini tevkife hamlettiği yerlerde sünnet olarak değerlendirmektedir. Hatta sahâbî kavli ve uygulamasının icmâa dönüştüğü durumda sünneti neshedebilecek mertebede gördüğü anlaşılmaktadır. Tahâvî ictihadî olan, re’y ve te’vil ifade eden sahâbî kavlini ise mutlak delil almayıp bu durumdaki sahâbî kavli karşısında kıyasa gitmektedir. Tahâvî’nin sünnete ve sahâbî kavline bakışı birlikte değerlendirildiğinde dönemin hadis anlayışı gereği, sünnetin çerçevesini sahâbe ve tâbiûn kavillerini dahil ederek geniş kapsamda ele aldığı anlaşılmaktadır. Erken dönem Hanefî usûlünde sahâbî kavli hakkında Tahâvî’nin görüşlerinin incelendiği araştırmada metin incelemesi ve analizi yöntemi kullanılmış; Tahâvî’ye ait eserler ile erken dönem Hanefî usûl-i fıkıh eserleri mukâyeseli olarak ele alınmıştır. (shrink)

A descriptive, cross-sectional study aimed to determine the inclination of nursing students towards ethical values and the effects of these values on care behaviours. The data for this study were collected from 466 students studying from May 13–24, 2019. The data were collected using a questionnaire on the sociodemographic characteristics of the students, Inclination to Ethical Values Scale (IEVS), and Caring Behaviors Inventory-24 (CBI-24). In this study, 43.1 per cent of them belonged to families who had a protective attitude. The (...) total mean (SD) IEVS and CBI-24 scores were 63.99 (12.68) and 117.19 (17.95), respectively. The mean item score was 4.88 (0.74). A moderate positive correlation was observed between the inclination of the students towards ethical values and their care behaviours. The general family structure of the nursing students and their participation in an ethics class affected the inclination of the nursing students to ethical values and their care behaviours. This study showed that the ethical values of the students positively affected their care behaviours. (shrink)

Belli açılardan, biri klasik diğeri modern felsefenin öncüsü olarak kabul edilen Platon ve Descartes birbirilerinden yalnızca çağları bakımından değil; ruh, beden ve töz anlayışları bakımından da farklılık gösterir. Bununla birlikte, hakikati ararken temel aldıkları modus operandi (çalışma şekli, yöntem) bakımından ise oldukça yakın anlayışlara sahip oldukları iddia edilebilir. Platon psykhe’nin varlığa açılma zeminini ortaya koyarken, Descartes ise ben-Tanrı-uzamlı cisimler anlayışını temellendirirken epistemolojiyi merkeze almıştır. Bu bağlamda, varlığa farklı derecelerde epistemolojik bir karakter kazandırmaları bakımından filozofların karşılaştırılabileceğini söylemek mümkün olabilir. Bu açıdan (...) bu çalışma Batı Felsefesi tarihinde önemli değişimler yaratan Platon ve Descartes’ın ontoloji ile epistemoloji arasında kurdukları farklı ve benzer ilişkileri ve epistemolojik çözümlemelerini konu edinmektedir. (shrink)

There is a prevailing opinion in the literature that the first name to mention the interpretation of the Qur'an with the Qur'an as a method is Ibn Taymiyya. He puts it at the forefront in the hierarchy of evidence in his Muqaddima. However, Abu Bakr Ibnu'l-Arabi, who lived two centuries before Ibn Taymiyya, also refers to the same method in the first place among the tafsir methods he suggested. Based on this finding, in the article, after briefly mentioning the aforementioned (...) tafsir method, a brief information about Ibn al-Arabi's Qânûn al-Ta'wîl is given and his approach to this method is examined. Within the scope of this subject, the common and different aspects of both authors' methods of interpreting the Qur'an with the Qur'an are presented. In addition, the findings regarding the problems arising from the authors' putting this method in the first place are shared. Finally, the possible reasons why both authors put this method in the first place are discussed. The aim of the study in this background is to reveal that there was another scholar mentioning the method in the first place before Ibn Taymiyya among the exegetical methods in the classical period and to perform an analysis within this framework. By the application of "data and content analysis", the content in Ibn al-Arabi's Qânûn al-Ta'wîl and Ibn Taymiyya's Muqaddimah in the context of the Qur'an's interpretation with the Qur'an has been analyzed. This content has been subjected to comparative analysis in terms of commonality and differences. (shrink)

This qualitative study, using content analysis, examines to what extent addiction, its causes, consequences, and prevention methods are covered and which types of addiction are discussed in Religious Culture and Moral Knowledge courses. The study focuses on how these topics are presented in RCMK textbooks, which primarily address substance addictions such as drugs, alcohol, and tobacco, while briefly mentioning behavioural addictions like overeating, gambling, and technology use. Addiction is portrayed as a moral issue affecting mental, physical, and spiritual health, as (...) well as an individual's self-control and sense of responsibility. Substance addictions receive greater emphasis, reflecting their association with religious texts and state anti-addiction policies, whereas behavioural addictions are given less consideration. The study concludes that addiction should be approached in a comprehensive and progressively deepening manner as students advance through grade levels in RCMK textbooks. In its current form, the information does not appear to effectively develop skills or serve a preventive function that encourages healthier choices. (shrink)

The purpose of this study was to explain differences between employees who feel a sense of belonging and those who feel a sense of otherness in terms of their opinions about diversity works in their organizations. We conducted an empirical study to examine the perceptual differences between two independent groups of the study “who feel a sense of belonging” and “who feel a sense of otherness.” We collected data from 792 employees working for organizations in different sizes, industries, and capital (...) structures, which enriched the representativeness of the sample. The findings show that out-group members remain less satisfied with diversity works in their organizations based on four main issues such as “competence of diversity actors,” “embeddedness of diversity works in organizational policies/practices,” “diversity awareness in the HRM functions,” and “diversity-related employee satisfaction.” This paper makes two contributions. First, it contributes to the extant literature an understanding of the differences between those who remain indifferent to diversity works and those who care to see, speak, and hear about them. Second, with a few exceptions, extant studies on diversity works have been dominated by Western-centered research. Research is needed on countries with different macro-contextual conditions, such as different legal regulations, socio-political status, and history. For this study, survey data were collected from people who work in Turkey, a country which has limited legal measures and underdeveloped discourses for equality, diversity, and inclusion. The paper provides significant insights into leading diversity works in national settings with less developed supportive mechanisms for diversity. (shrink)

“Naturalistic fallacy” is generally associated with Moore’s charge against the naturalists. But for Moore, metaphysical ethics, including those of Kant is as guilty as naturalistic ethics in committing the naturalistic fallacy. Here, the fallacy is identifying “good” with anything metaphysical. Moore appreciates that ‘metaphysical’ propositions provide us with a chance to talk about objects that are not natural. And he thinks that metaphysical ethicists’ do not recognise that these objects do not exist at all, rather they think if the object (...) in question does not exist in nature and time it must exist somewhere else, i.e., in a supersensible reality. Moore’smain criticism of metaphysical ethics focuses on the belief that an objects existence is an essential requirement for its ‘goodness’. For Moore, there are non‐natural objects, by definition they do not belong to nature, they do not exist in nature, they are not sensible. Moore’s only difference from the metaphysical ethicists seems to be in saying that these non-natural objects are not supersensible and in fact they do not exist. In this paper I will investigate such similarities and differences between Moore and metaphysical ethicists and where Moore really stands in the metaphysical-naturalistic spectrum. I will concentrate on Kantian ethics, for Moore thinks that Kantian ethics is an exemplar of metaphysical ethics, and Kant has committed naturalistic fallacy. I will try to show that Moore’s argument on Kant committing naturalistic fallacy is gratuitous. I will argue that Moore’s notion of “good” as a non-natural object that does not exist in time ishard to conceive without assuming a ‘transcendental object’ and the existence of a supersensible reality, as Kant does. And I suggest that Moore is as guilty as Kant in stepping into the supersensible reality. (shrink)

Background: Nurses providing 24-h care for the primary caregiver role have a number of significant roles to play in potential problems or conflicts associated with patient privacy and confidentiality. Research objectives: The objective of the study is to determine the prevailing attitudes towards gossip and the patient privacy practices of nurses working in paediatric units. Research design: A descriptive and cross-sectional design was used. A Descriptive Characteristics Form, a Gossip and Rumour Attitude Scale and a Patient Privacy Scale were used (...) to collect data. Participants and research context: A total of 112 paediatric nurses working in Turkey were included in the study. The response rate was 79.43%. Ethical considerations: Permission to conduct the study was obtained from the university’s ethics committee. The participants were informed of the aim of the study, and voluntary participation, anonymous response and confidentiality were explained to them. Findings: It was observed that nurses who had a higher education level, who were educated about patient privacy and who had read the patient rights regulations were more concerned about patient privacy. Negative correlations were found between the attitudes towards gossiping and the average scores on the patient confidentiality scale. Nurses who negatively defined gossip were more concerned about patient confidentiality. Discussion: Privacy is important for securing and protecting the personal, physical and psychological things that are important and special for patients. It is argued that obstacles to maintaining the privacy of hospitalized children and adolescents are a tolerant attitude towards gossiping, a lack of education about patient privacy and insufficient information about patient’s rights regulations and the Convention on the Rights of the Child. Conclusion: A nurse’s knowledge about the provision of patient confidentiality affects their privacy practices. For this reason, regular training sessions are recommended in hospitals. (shrink)

Mâzerî et-Temimî (ö. 536/1141) Endülüs’ün düşmesinden önce Kuzey Afrika’da yaşamış son fakihlerdendir. Malikî fıkhının usûl-i fıkıh yapısının oluşumunda önemli dönüm noktası olarak kabul edilen Îzâhu’l-Mahsûl min Burhâni’l-usûl isimli eserin müellifidir. Hadis, fıkıh, kelam, tıp ve fetvâ alanlarında kayda değer bilgi sahibi Mâzerî’nin usûlcülüğüne dair bir çalışmanın yapılmamış olması bu çalışmayı gerekli kılmıştır. Çalışmada Mâzerî’nin usûl anlayışı usûl-i fıkıh alanında yazdığı Îzâhu’l-Mahsûl isimli eser üzerinden incelenmektedir. Îzâhu’l-Mahsûl, Mâzerî’nin Şâfiî âlim İmâmü’l-Haremeyn Cüveynî’nin (ö. 478/1085) el-Burhan fî usûli’l-fıkh isimli usûl-i fıkıh eseri üzerine (...) yapılan bir şerhtir. Şerhedilen Cüveynî’nin el-Burhân isimli eseri, Şâfiî usûl-i fıkhının temel metinlerinden birisidir. Mâzerî bu önemli eser üzerine yaptığı şerhte, hocası Cüveynî’nin konu tasnifi ve sistematiğini takip etmiş, usûl-i fıkıh yazımında mütekellimin yöntemini uygulamıştır. Hocasının eseri ile benzerlikler taşımasına rağmen söz konusu şerh, tamamlanmamış hâliyle dahi yer verdiği görüşler ve değerlendirmeler ile müstakil bir eser mahiyetindedir. Mâzerî eserde hocasına muhalefet etmekten çekinmemiş, kendi ictihad usûlünü ortaya koymuştur. Araştırmaya inceleme konusu edilen Îzâhu’l-Mahsûl isimli eser, Şâfiî usûl-i fıkhının Malikî usûl-i fıkhını yöntem ve içerik açısından etkilemesi açısından önemli bir örnektir. Bu eser ile birlikte Mâlikî usûl-i fıkıh literatürü ve metinleri Îzâhu’l-Mahsûl’den örnek alınarak oluşturulmuştur. Mâzerî sonrası Malikî usûlcülere kaynak olan bu eser, aynı zamanda Şâfiî-Malikî usûl-i fıkıh etkileşiminin izlerini barındırdığı için inceleme konusu edilmiştir. Çalışma kapsamında Îzâhu’l-Mahsûl eserinde Mâzerî’nin usûl anlayışında öne çıkan ilkeler tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Böylece Mâlikî usûl-i fıkhının hangi hususlar üzerine inşa edildiğinin net olarak ortaya konulması hedeflenmiştir. Mâzerî’nin usûl anlayışının içinde yetiştiği fikri ve siyasi ortamdan etkilenmemesi mümkün değildir. Bu durum göz önünde bulundurularak Mâzerî’nin hayatına, hocalarına, eserlerine ve yaşadığı dönemde Mağrib bölgesinin düşünsel ve siyasi atmosferine kısaca temas edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Yaşamına dair tüm detayların, Mâzerî’nin ilmî hayatına ve özelde usûlcülüğüne etkisi anlaşılmaya çalışılmıştır. Ayrıca Mazerî’nin usûl anlayışının öne çıkan unsurlarının tespiti, Mağrip bölgesindeki fıkhî yapının anlaşılması ve İslâm hukuk tarihi açısından bölgenin aydınlatılması açısından da önemlidir. Söz konusu saiklerle yapılan çalışma, Mâzerî’nin usûl anlayışını temel özellikleri açısından ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Böylece Mâzerî’nin Mâlikî usûl-i fıkıh anlayışına ve literatürüne yaptığı katkıya ışık tutmak amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmada nitel araştırma metotlarından doküman incelemesi yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Bu bağlamda Mâzerî’nin görüşleri, kendisinden etkilendiği hocası Cüveynî’nin görüşleri ile mukayese edilmek suretiyle metin analizi uygulanmaya çalışılmıştır. (shrink)

This study aims to,the impact of nursing on modern health care for patients and patients, the impact of nursing on health services provided to patients and patients, the impact of health services provided by nursing on patients in health facilities., A questionnaire was prepared via Google Drive and distributed to the population aged 25-55 years, men and women, in the city of Mecca. As for the questionnaire, it was distributed via the social networking program (WhatsApp) for the purpose of distancing (...) for fear of the presence of the Corona virus. 400 questionnaires were distributed, and 380 responses were obtained via email to the principal researcher. (shrink)

A genealogy of the relationship between Islam and knowledge focusing on the Muslim West and, in particular, Algeria explains the current chaos within Muslim societies. The West, on its side, has difficulties understanding a cultural tradition which differs from its own. Islam did develop an aptitude for knowledge that put into play ‘different intellectual modalities, among which were dialectic argument, intuition and controversy’. However, ‘the accession to knowledge is shown by assent’. A long tradition of debate and controversy drew to (...) a close and was abandoned in favour of the exercise of authoritative and absolute power. Intellectual life in the region suffered notably from the successive departures of the elite, at the end of the Ottoman Empire, at the onset of the colonial period and upon independence. Colonialism founded a new system born of different traditions and entailed the breaking up of traditional scholastic institutions. After Independence, fewer and fewer interlocutors were capable of undertaking a reasoned critique of the West. ‘Mistrust with regard to the West’ translated into a ‘refusal even of controversy’. It is a vicious circle that can be broken only through a minimum of democracy. (shrink)